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Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Summary
Ginger is commonly known as Adrak which belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Rhizome is the edible part of the plant. It is a good source of polyphenols such as Quercetin, Pyrogallol, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol. Ginger extracts and derivatives shows anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties by inhibition of Cyclooxygenase (COX) and Lipoxygenase-5 (LOX-5), 12, 15-2 enzymes, decreases production of Prostaglandin E2, IL-6, TNF-α and increase proliferation of B and T cells along with increased efficiency of NK cells lysing capacity.

Mode of Consumption : Soups and stews, fresh and dried, fried and boiled
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Zingiber officinale Roscoe
Family: Zingiberaceae Martinov
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Zingiberales
Genus: Zingiber Mill.
Fruiting Season: All round the year
Parts: Rhizome
  • The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The North-Eastern Hill Region
  • The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • North-Western Mountain Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • The Western Coastal Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region & The Middle Ganga Plain Region
 Andhra Pradesh : Allam
Assam : Aada
Bihar : Adrak
Himachal Pradesh : Adrak
Karnataka : Alla
Kerala : Inji
Tamil Nadu : Inci
Uttar Pradesh : Adrak

Rhizome
Compound/Extract Activity Mode of Action Marker/References
Dry ginger root extractAnti-inflammatoryDry Ginger root extract helps inhibition of Cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase-5 (LOX-5), 12, 15-2 enzymes, decreases production of Prostaglandin E2, IL-6, TNF-α in the body.COX, LOX-5, IL-6, and TNF-α[3] [4]
Ginger extractAnti-inflammatory/AntioxidantGinger extract helps in down regulation of TNF-α in the body.TNF-α[5]
6-GingerolImmunomodulatory 6-Gingerol shows increase in B cells and T cells proliferation and increased efficiency of NK cells lysing capacity.NK cells, B cells and T cells[6]
Major Class Metabolites (Content of bioactives: mg/100g Fresh Weight)
FlavonoidCatechin: 169.89, Quercetin: 78.34999999999999[1]
Polyphenol6-gingerol: 24.8, 6-shogaol: 19.4, Pyrogallol: 15.2[1]
Effect Observation DOI
In vitro studies Increase in Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus populationDOI: 10.3390/nu12103194
Animal model studiesIncreased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts and decrease in Bacteroides and FirmicutesDOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2033797
Human clinical studiesIncreased in gut microbiota diversity (Lachnospira, Subdoligranulum, Roseburia, Butyricicoccus)DOI: 10.1055/a-1671-5766
Disease Formulation Reference Author TKDL
Disease with Vata predominance(vatavikara),Dyspnoea(vasa),Cough / Bronchitis(kasa),Anorexia (arocaka),Rhinitis(pratiyaya)ArdrakasvarasaSharangadhara SamhitaSharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja Srivastava, Published by Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edn. 2nd, 1998.Ayurveda
Fever with Vata predominance (vatikajvara)Gucyadikvathaa (31)Gadanigraha - Part-2 (Kaya Chikitsa Khanda)Sodhala, Edited by Ganga Sahaya Pandeya & Commentary by Indradeva Tripathi, Published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan (Varanasi), Edn. 3rd 1999Ayurveda
Scrofula / Cervical lymphadenitis (gaamala)KacanaratvakkvathaSharangadhara SamhitaSharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja Srivastava, Published by Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Edn. 2nd, 1998.Ayurveda
Oedema / Inflammation(otha)OtharilauhamBharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara - Vol.-VCompiled by Naginadasa Chaganalala Shah ,Translated by Gopinath Gupta, B. Jain Publishers, New Delhi, Edn. 2nd. Reprint, August 1999Ayurveda
Beneficial for improved life span, Longevity, immuno potentiators/ Anti-aging/ Anti-oxidantInji KarpamTherayar YamagamTherayarSiddha
Diarrhoea with predominance of Ama(Mantha Kazhichal),Pyrexia(Suram),Oedema / Inflammation(Veekkam)Maantha Kazichal Veekathirku KudineerYakkopu VaithiyamYakkopu vaithiyam, Edited by R.C.Mohan, Published by Thamarai Noolagam, Chennai (Edn. 2nd, Reprint 2004)Siddha
Pyrexia(Suram)Moonram Murai Kaichalku KarkamYakkopu VaithiyamYakkpou, Edited by R.C.Mohan, Published by Thamarai Noolagam, Chennai (Edn. 2nd, Reprint 2004)Siddha
Metralgia (Waja'-al-Rehm),Amenorrhoea (IhtIbaas-e-Tams),Sterility (Uqr)Arq Mueen-e- HamalMuheet Azam, Vol. IMohammad Azam KhanUnani
Pterygium (Zafrah)Daar-e- FilfilAl-Qaanoon-fil Tibb, Vol. IIUnani
Cough / Bronchitis(Sua'al/Surfah),Fatigue(Thakaan/Ta'b/Ea'yaa)Nuskha-e- HareeraKaamil-al-Senaa'h, Part IAli Ibn-e-Abbaas Majoosi, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, 61-65 Institutional Area, Janak Puri, New Delhi-58, 2005Unani
Information from Wealth of India Reference
  • Ginger possess anti-oxidant properties and may be added to edible oil and fats to protect them against oxidative rancidity.
  • Ginger is valued in medicine as carminative and stimulant to gastro-intestinal tract.
  • Extract of Ginger is used as an adjunct to many tonic and simulating remedies.
  • Ginger is used as local stimulant and rubefacient.
  • Alcoholic extract stimulates the vasomotor and respiratory centres of anaesthetized category. Also stimulate heart.
  • Contain anti-histaminic factor and anti-depressants.
 CSIR(1976), The Wealth of India, Raw materials, Vol.-XI, P.- 89-104, New Delhi, India
4.2, 04.2.1, 04.2.1.1, 04.2.1.3, 04.2.2.3, 04.2.2.5, 04.2.2.6, 04.2.2.8
    CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
    CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India