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Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Summary
It is commonly known as Kamal and belongs to the Nelumbonaceae family. Leaf petiole, tender fruits and root stock are consumed as vegetable. Flavanoinds Neferine and Nuciferin were reported in N. nucifera. Supplementation of Lotus plumule inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and considerably upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS-challenged mice models.

Mode of Consumption : Cooked young flowers, leaf petiole, tender fruits and root stock
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
Family: Nelumbonaceae A.Rich.
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Proteales
Genus: Nelumbo Adans
Fruiting Season: October to November
Parts: Leaf petiole, Tender fruits, Root stock.
  • The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The North-Eastern Hill Region
  • The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region
  • The Gujarat Region
  • The Satluj-Yamuna Plain Region
  • The South-Eastern Plateau Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • North-Western Mountain Region
  • The Western Coastal Region
  • The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • The Maharashtra Plateau Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • The South-Eastern Plateau Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Western Rajasthan Region & The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region & The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • The Lower Ganga Plain Region
 Andhra Pradesh : Tamara, Erra-tamara, Kalung
Assam : Padam, Padum, Komol
Bihar : Kamal, Nilufer
Delhi : Kamal, Nilufer
Gujarat : Motunkamal 
Haryana : Kamal
Jammu & Kashmir : Pamposh, Nilufer
Jharkhand : Kamal
Karnataka : Taavare Tavare-gadde, Kamala Kamalada Hoovu, Aabal
Kerala : Tamara
Madhya pradesh : Kamal
Maharashtra : Pandkanda, Kamal
Manipur : Thambal
Mizoram : Tui-lili
Odisha : Padam, Ranga Padma,Dhala Padma
Rajasthan : Kamal
Tamil Nadu : Chenthaamarai, Tamarai, Ambal
Telangana : Nilufer, Tamara, Erra-tamara, Kalung
Tripura : Kamal
Uttar pradesh : Kamal, Nilufer
Uttarakhand : Kamal
West Bengal : Komol, Nilufer

Flower


Leaf petiole


Root


Plant


Fruit with seeds
Compound/Extract Activity Mode of Action Marker/References
(S)-armepavineImmunomodulatory(S)-armepavine impaired IL-2 and IFN-γ transcripts in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).IL-2 and IFN-γ[2]
Water-soluble polysaccharide extractImmunostimulatory Crude water-soluble polysaccharide extract enhanced the proliferation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO), and cytokine secretions by activating corresponding mRNA expression in macrophages, via MAPK and NF-κB pathways.NO, MAPK, and NF-κB[3]
RhizomeImmunoregulatoryAntioxidant components from rhizome exhibited positive regulation on IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 and inhibited HIV-1 directly by inhibiting TNF-α.IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-α[4]
ExtractAnti-inflammatoryIts extract inhibited the inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and inhibited the LPS increased IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α[5]
ExtractAntioxidant, Anti-inflammatoryExtract with flavonoid reduced oxidative damage and inflammation in injured mice, inhibited increase in AST, ALT, MDA, NO and increased SOD, CAT, GSH, and GSH-Px levels, upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12, and downregulated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ.AST, ALT, MDA, NO, SOD, CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, IL-10, IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ[6]
Lotus dietAnti-inflammatoryLotus diet increased the level of Adiponectin and suppressed the expression of lipogenic (acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS)) and the inflammatory genes (CRP, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in the db/db mice.ACC-1, FAS, CRP, MCP-1, and TNF-α[7]
Lotus plumuleAnti-inflammatoryLotus plumule supplementation inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS-challenged mice.TNF-α and IL-10[8]
Major Class Metabolites (Content of bioactives: mg/100g Fresh Weight)
Alkaloid(−)-1(S)-norcoclaurine: , (+)-1(R)-coclaurine: , (6R,6aR)-roemerine-Nβ-oxide: , (S)-armepavine: , Asimilobine: , Isoliensinine: , Liensinine: , Liriodenine: , Lotusine: , Neferine: , N-nornuciferine: , Nuciferine: , Oleracein E: , Pronuciferine: , Roemerin: , trans-N-coumaroyltyramine: , trans-N-feruloyltyramine : [9]
Alkaloidscis-N-coumaroyltyramine: , cis-N-feruloyltyramine: , Dauricine: , Demethyl-coclaurine: [9]
FlavanoidLuteolin: [9]
Flavonoid Apigenin: , Diosmetin: , Isorhamnetin: , Kaempferol: , Myricetin: , Quercetin: , Syringetin: [9]
Effect Observation DOI
Disease Formulation Reference Author TKDL
Conception promoting and Maintains the pregnancyKasamardadikshaya SahastrayogaD.V PanditaraoAyurveda
Stone in Urinary Bladder / Urolithiasis / Urinary Calculus, Dysuria, Retention of urine, Disease with Vata predominanceKwath KalpanaSharangadhara SamhitaShailaja Srivastava Ayurveda
Seborrhoea,Pityriasis capitis / Furunculosis or boils in scalp, Eczema, Dry & weeping eczema, Capillary angiomata, naevi, Ulcer / Wound, of Head.Mansi tailamBharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara - Vol.-IVCompiled by Naginadasa Chaganalala Shah, Translated by Gopinath GuptaAyurveda
Facial Paralysis, Earache / Otalgia, Torticollis, Lockjaw, Deafness, Paralysis/Hemiplegia, Sciatica, Monoplegia / Limping, Paraplegia / LamenessMash thailamBharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara - Vol.-IVCompiled by Naginadasa Chaganalala Shah, by Gopinath GuptaAyurveda
Prolapse of female genital tract, Excessive moistening of female genital tract, Foul smell from female genital tractMrinaladi tailamBharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara - Vol.-IVcompiled by Naginadasa Chaganalala Shah, Translated by Gopinath GuptaAyurveda
Treatment of HiccoughVikkallukku KarkamAgathiyar vaithia kaviyam,1500AgasthiyarSiddha
Information from Wealth of India Reference
  • Fresh rhizomes are consumed after roasting, and dried slices are used in curry or fried as chips and also pickled.
  • Young leaves, petioles and flowers are eaten as vegetable.
  • The fruits can be eaten raw, roasted, boiled, candied or ground into flour.
  • The rhizomes are used in diarrhoea, dysentery and dyspepsia in children. A paste of the rhizome is applied in ringworm and other cutaneous affections.
  • A sherbet prepared from the plant is used as a refrigerant in smallpox and to stop eruptions.
  • The milky viscid juice of leaf and flower stalks is helpful in diarrhoea.
 CSIR(1966).The Wealth of India, Raw materials,Vol.-VII ,P.7-9, New Delhi, India
4.2, 04.2.1, 04.2.1.1, 04.2.1.3, 04.2.2.6, 04.2.2.8
    CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
    CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India