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Bergera koenigii L.

Summary
Commonly known as Kaddi Patta belongs to the Rutaceae family. Leaves are used for seasoning and flavouring. Tender leaves are used in curry and also in making Pakodas in North-East India. A number of bioactive compounds are reported from this plant, out of them alkaloids like Girinimbine, Murrayamine J, Bismahanine, Murrayacine, Murrayaline, Murrrayastine are notable. Leaf extract showed immunomodulatory activity and signicantly down regulated IL-6, proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in serum levels of 4T1 breast cancer cell challenged mice.

Mode of Consumption : Cooked, seasoning and flavouring
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Bergera koenigii L.
Family: Rutaceae Juss.
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Genus: Bergera J.Koenig ex L.
Fruiting Season: April to November
Parts: Leaves
  • Andaman & Nicobar Island Region
  • The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The North-Eastern Hill Region
  • The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • The Western Rajasthan Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region
  • The Western Coastal Region
  • The Gujarat Region
  • The Satluj-Yamuna Plain Region
  • The South-Eastern Plateau Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • The Maharashtra Plateau Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • The South-Eastern Plateau Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Western Rajasthan Region & The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Deccan Interior Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region & The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • The Lower Ganga Plain Region
 Andhra Pradesh : Karepaku
Assam : Narasingha, Bishahari
Bihar : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Delhi : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Gujarat : Mitho limado, Goranimb, Kadhilimbdo
Haryana : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Jharkhand : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Karnataka : Karivebu
Kerala : Kariveppilei, Kareapela
Madhya Pradesh : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Maharashtra : Karhinimb, Poospala, Gandla, Jhirang, Karipat, Karhi
Odisha : Barsan, Basango, Bhursunga
Rajasthan : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Sikkim : Karipatta
Tamil Nadu : Kariveppilai, Karivempu, Karuveppilei, Kattuveppilei
Telangana : Karepaku, Karuvepaku
Uttar Pradesh : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
Uttarakhand : Karipatta, Mitha neem, Gandhela, Barsanga
West Bengal : Barsanga, Kariaphulli

Leafy twig
Compound/Extract Activity Mode of Action Marker/References
MurrayanineAnti-inflammatoryMurrayanine decreased NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production in both lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages. Also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) secretion in s LPS-challenged mice.NO, TNF-α and IL-6[1]
Aqueous extractAntioxidant, HepatoprotectiveTreatment with aqueous extract reduced the levels of TNF-α and NO in dose dependent manner in the liver of BALB/c mice.NO and TNF-α[2]
Murrayakonine A, O-methylmurrayamine A and MukolidineAnti-inflammatoryMurrayakonine A, O-methylmurrayamine A and Mukolidine inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 release in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and reduced LPS induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in human PBMCs.TNF-α and IL-6[3]
Aqueous and Methanolic leaf extractImmunomodulatoryPro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-2 were down-regulated and the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were increased in leaf extract-treated (Aqueous & Methanolic) mice when compared with diabetic mice after 30 days of treatment.TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10[4]
Leaf extractImmunomodulatoryLeaf extract treatment reduced the inflammatory mediator IL-6, proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 in serum levels of 4T1 breast cancer cell inoculated mice.IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10[5]
Major Class Metabolites (Content of bioactives: mg/100g Fresh Weight)
Murrayakonine A: , Murrayanine: [1]
AlkaloidBismahanine: , Euchrestine : , Girinimbine: , Murrayacine: , Murrayaline: , Murrayamine J: , Murrayastine: , O- methyl mahanine: , O-methyl murrayamine A : , Pypayafolinecarbazole: [8]
Carboxylic AcidFerulic acid: 0.281 ± 0.055 mg/g DW (Kelantan), Gallic acid: 0.933 ± 0.076 mg/g , DW (Kelantan), 0.904 ± 0.040 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.813 ± 0.065 mg/g DW (Johor), Mukoeic acid: , Vanillic acid: 0.788 ± 0.103 mg/g DW (Kelantan), 0.659 ± 0.058 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.527 ± 0.111 mg/g DW (Johor)[9]
CarotenoidLutein: [8]
CoumarineMurrayone imperatoxin: [8]
Flavonoid Catechin : 0.204 ± 0.032 mg/g DW (Johor), 0.245 ± 0.044 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.325 ± 0.057 mg/g DW (Kelantan), Myricetin: 0.703 ± 0.063 mg/g , DW (Kelantan), 0.600 ± 0.078 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.502 ± 0.040 mg/g DW (Johor), Naringin: 0.203 ± 0.036 mg/g DW (Kelantan), Quercetin: 0.305 ± 0.028 mg/g DW (Johor), 0.341 ± 0.0150 mg/g DW (Selangor), 350 ± 0.024 mg/g DW (Kelantan), Rutin: 0.042 ± 0.008 mg/g DW (Kelantan) , 0.048 ± 0.009 mg/g DW(Johor) , 0.082 ± 0.011 mg/g DW (Selangor)[9]
Heterocyclic CompoundEpicatechin: 0.601 ± 0.050 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.678 ± 0.032 mg/g DW (Kelantan), Isomahanine : , Koenimbine : , Mahanimbine: , Mahanine: , Murrayazoline: , Phebalosin: [8]
Organic heterotricyclic compoundBicyclomahanimbicine: , Bismurrayafoline E: , Koenigine: , Koenine: , Mahanimbicine: , Mukolidine: , Murrayazolidine: [8]
Phenolic acidCinnamic acid: 0.077 ± 0.021 mg/g DW (Selangor), 0.068 ± 0.019 mg/g DW (Johor)[9]
TerpeneCarotene : [8]
TriterpenoidCyclomahanimbine: , Tetrahydromahanmbine: [8]
Effect Observation DOI
Disease Formulation Reference Author TKDL
Information from Wealth of India Reference
  • The leaves of the plant are extensively employed as flavouring in curries and chutneys.
  • The leaves, roots and barks are considered as tonic, stomachic and carminative.
  • Leaves are used internally in diarrhoea and also for checking vomiting, they are applied externally to bruises and eruptions.
CSIR(1962).The Wealth of India, Raw materials,Vol.-VI ,P.446-447, New Delhi, India
4.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.3, 4.2.2.5, 4.2.2.8, 4.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.3, 4.2.2.5, 4.2.2.8
    CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
    CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India