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Azadirachta indica A.Juss.

Summary
Neem is a member the family Meliaceae and is considered as medicinal palnt. Young neem leaves are fried in oil and consumed as vegetable. It is rich in valuable bioactive compounds such as Azadirachtin, Nimbolinin, Nimbin, Nimbidin, Nimbidol, Salannin, and Quercetin, isolated from different plant parts. Neem performs anti-inflammatory activities via regulating proinflammatory enzyme activities like cyclooxygenase (COX), and lipoxygenase (LOX). Leaf extract upon oral administration causes higher IgM and IgG levels along with increased titer of antiovalbumin antibody.

Mode of Consumption : Fried
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
Family: Meliaceae Juss.
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Genus: Azadirachta A.Juss.
Fruiting Season: March to October
Parts: Twig, leaves
  • The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The North-Eastern Hill Region
  • The Middle Ganga Plain Region
  • The Western Coastal Region
  • The Maharashtra Plateau Region & The Western Coastal Region
  • The Western Rajasthan Region & The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • The Deccan Interior Region & The Eastern Coastal Region
  • The Upper Ganga Plain Region & The Middle Ganga Plain Region
 Andhra Pradesh : Vepa, Kondavepa
Assam : Neem
Bihar : Nim, Neem
Kerala : Veppu, Aryaveppu, Aruveppu, Kaippan
Maharashtra : Nimba, Kadunimb
Rajasthan : Nim, Neem
Tamil Nadu : Vepamaram, Vemu
Uttar Pradesh : Nim, Neem

Leaves
Compound/Extract Activity Mode of Action Marker/References
Leaf extractAnti-inflammatoryLeaf extract modulated inflammatory respons of TNF-α in conjunction with IL-1a and IL-6.TNF-α, IL-1α , and IL-6[1]
AzadirachtinAnticancerAzadirachtin inhibited the growth of human cervical cancer cells (HeLa), MCF7 breast cancer cells, 143B.TK- human osteosarcoma and ovarian cell lines. [3]
Neem extractAntioxidant, ApoptoticNeem-treated monocytes from cervical cancer patients showed decrease in TNF-α and an increase in IFN-γ levels.TNF-α and IFN-γ[4]
Leaf extractImmunomodulatoryLeaf extract upon oral administration causes higher IgM and IgG levels along with increased titer of antiovalbumin antibody.IgM and IgG[6]
Aqueous extract of stem barkImmunomodulatoryAn aqueous extract from the stem bark showed inhibitory influence on complement activation and superoxide anion production by polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes while having a stimulatory effect on the production of migration inhibition factor (MIF) by PMN leukocytes.MIF[6]
Neem bark extractGastroprotective, Anti-ulcerClinical studies showed that treatment with neem bark extract at the dose of 30 mg twice daily for 6 weeks, has therapeutic potential for controlling gastric hypersecretion and gastroesophageal and gastroduodenal ulcers. [8]
Active fractionImmunomodulatoryThe treatment with the active fraction caused a specific activation of T lymphocyte cells of CD8+ subtype as well as phagocytic cells followed by elevation in cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. CD8+, IFN-γ and TNF-α[9]
Neem extractCarcinopreventiveTreatment with Neem in animal model inhibited tumorigenesis which was accompanied by an overexpression of AP-1 (c-jun, c-fos) and STAT 1 and decrease in NF-κB (p65) expression.AP-1 (c-jun, c-fos), STAT 1 and NF-κB (p65)[11]
Leaf extractAnti-inflammatoryNeem leaf extract attenuated the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 in Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Leaf extract decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lungs of the mice CS- and LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation.TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS[12]
Leaf extractAnti-inflammatoryNeem leaf extract decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in DSS-induced colitis in rats.TNF-α and IL-6[13]
Neem extractImmunomodulatory, AntimetastaticRegular subcutaneous administration of neem extract yield significantly increased spleen weight and significant enhancement of peritoneal macrophage activity in the chemiluminescence assay, and activation marker CD-44 expression.CD-44 [15]
Limonoids, Azadirachtin and NimbolideAnticancer, AntioxidantThe neem Limonoids, Azadirachtin and Nimbolide induce a shift of balance from a proinvasive, proangiogenic phenotype by downregulating the expression of MMPs, VEGF receptors, and HIF-1α and upregulating TIMP-2 and RECK expression in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model.MMPs, VEGF, HIF-1α, TIMP-2 and RECK[3] [10]
Leaf extractAnticancerNeem leaf extract inhibited TNF-α activated NF-κB pathway.TNF-α and NF-κB[3] [5]
Major Class Metabolites (Content of bioactives: mg/100g Fresh Weight)
Alcoholn‑hexacosanol: [14]
Flavonoid Quercetin: [3]
GlycosideNimbanene: [14]
Terpene28-deoxonimbolide: , Nimbiol: [14]
Terpenoid7-deacetyl-7-benzoylepoxyazadiradione: , 7-deacetyl-7-benzoylgeduin: , Nimbolide: [3]
Tetranortriterpene Salannin: [3]
Triterpenoid6‑desacetylnimbinene: , Azadirachtin: , Azadirone: , Deacetyl nimbin: , Gedunin: , Nimbandiol: , Nimbin: [3]
Effect Observation DOI
Disease Formulation Reference Author TKDL
Bleeding piles, and Piles / Ano rectal mass / HaemorrhoidsArshoghni vatiAyurvedic Formulary of India - Part IIGovt of India, Ministry of Health & Family WelfareAyurveda
Xerodermia pigmentosaJyotishpunjorasaBrihadrasarajasundaraCompiled & Translated by, Dattaram ChaubeAyurveda
Gout, Eczema, Non-lepromatous leprosy, Non- lepromatous leprosyLaghumanjistadi KwathSharangadhara SamhitaWritten by Sharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja SrivastavaAyurveda
JaundiceNimbapatrasvarasaSharangadhara SamhitaWritten by Sharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja SrivastavaAyurveda
Dental diseases, Hemicrania, Lateral sinus thrombosis Cataract, Xerophthalmia, Adherent leucoma, Corneal opacity, Adherent leucomaPathyadishdadga KwathSharangadhara SamhitaWritten by Sharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja SrivastavaAyurveda
GonorrhoeaPatolaradi KwathSharangadhara SamhitaWritten by Sharangadhara charya, Translated by Smt. Shailaja SrivastavaAyurveda
Inflammation, Suppuration, Ankyloblepharon,Adherent leucomaSathangadhritgagguluBharata Bhaishajya Ratnakara - Vol.-VCompiled by Naginadasa Chaganalala Shah, Translated by Gopinath GuptaAyurveda
PyrexiaAnandha BairavamTherayar SekarappaTherayarSiddha
EczemaKukkil NeiAgathiyar vaithia kaviyam,1500AgasthiyarSiddha
Catarrhal / sinusitisPeenisathirku NasiyamAgathiyar paripooranam 400AgasthiyarSiddha
Pricking pain, in EyeVaepilai KalikkamAgathiyar nayanavithi 500AgasthiyarSiddha
Providing longevity, Increasing body weightVembu KarpamTherayar YamagamTherayarSiddha
Syphilis, PyrexiaArq-e- HartalMiftaah-al-KhazaainKareem BakhshUnani
HaemorrhoidsHab BawaseerQuaraabaadeen Azam wa AkmalMohammad Akmal KhanUnani
Treatment of Otalgia, due to Coldness, with SwellingQatoor Bara-e- Dard GoshQuaraabaadeen Azam wa AkmalMohammad Akmal KhanUnani
Pannus, Conjunctivitis, chronic, and and other diseases of EyeShayaafQuaraabaadeen Najm-al-GhaniMohammad Najmul Ghani KhanUnani
Information from Wealth of India Reference
  • It is useful in digenous medicine.
  • It is used in skin diseases such as scrofula, indolent ulcers and sores and ring worm.
  • It is also applied in cases of rheumatism as a linimen.
  • It is reputed to possess anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.
  • The leaves are applied in the form of a poultice to boils and a decoction prepared from the leaves is applied to ulcers and eczema.
 CSIR(1948).The Wealth of India, Raw materials,Vol.- I,P.140-142, New Delhi, India
4.2, 04.2.1, 04.2.1, 04.2.1.1, 0.4.2.2.8
    CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
    CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India