Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
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Raw Jackfruit is consumed as a vegetable and is commonly known as katahal or kathal. It belongs to the family Moraceae. It is rich in nutrients. Both the seeds and the flesh of jackfruit are consumed as cooked and pickled vegetables. Seeds are consumed in boiled and roasted forms while the flesh is consumed as cooked and pickled. It contains naturally occurring flavone Artocarpesin and a phenolic compound, Moracin C that has immune boosting properties. Mode of Consumption : Cooked and pickled (unripe fruit), seeds (dried) cooked and roasted |
| Plant Details | Agro-climatic Zone | Vernacular Names | Pictures |
| Scientific Name: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Family: Moraceae Gaudich. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Genus: Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Fruiting Season: January to July Parts: Seeds, Unripe Fruit |
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Andhra Pradesh : Panasa Arunachal Pradesh : Maalang, Kothal , Bellang Assam : Kothal Bihar : Kathal Chhattisgarh : Kathal Goa : Phanas Gujarat : Phanas Jharkhand : Kathal Karnataka : Halasu Kerala : Chakka Manipur : Theibong Mizoram : Lamphong Nagaland : Thatchu, Jongchi, Lamkhuang Odisha : Panasa Tamil Nadu : Palaa, Varukkai Tripura : Kathal Uttar Pradesh : Kathal West Bengal : Kanthal |
 Fruit |
| Compound/Extract | Activity | Mode of Action | Marker/References |
| Jacalin | Immunostimulatory | Jacalin, a lectin(s) extracted from the seeds of Artocarpus integrifolia (Jackfruit), was shown to induce the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and human T-lymphocyte cultures. | IFN-γ[1] |
| jArtinM and rArtinM | Immunomodulatory | CD4+ T cells stimulated by jArtinM (native lectin) and rArtinM (recombinant lectin) induced IL-2 production. | IL-2[2] |
| Jacalin | Immunomodulatory | The T cell mitogenicity of Jacalin is inhibited by IgA1 and carbohydrate moieties such as melibiose indicating that carbohydrate moieties mediate Jacalin-induced lymphocyte activation. | IgA1[4] |
| Artocarpin | Anti-tumor | Colorectal tumorigenesis was attenuated by artocarpin intake evidenced by a substantial inhibition of p-Akt (Ser473) or its downstream signaling molecules such as p-GSK3β (Ser 9) and p-Bad (Ser136). | p-Akt (Ser473), p-GSK3β (Ser 9), and p-Bad (Ser136)[5] |
| Artocarpanone | Anti-inflammatory | Artocarpanone exhibited significant inhibitory effect on NO production and iNOS protein expression in RAW 264.7 cells. | NO and iNOS[6] |
| Artocarpesin | Anti-inflammatory | Artocarpesin showed inhibitory effect on COX-2 and iNOS protein expression in a dose-dependent manner when added to the medium simultaneously with lipopolysaccharide. | COX-2 and iNOS[7] |
| Artocarpesin | Anti-inflammatory | Artocarpesin isolated from the fruits suppressed the LPS-induced production of NO and PGE2 through the down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions in RAW 264.7 cells. | NO, PGE2, iNOS and COX-2[7] |
| Oligopeptides | Immunomodulatory | In mice treated with Oligopeptides derived from jackfruit, showed significant increases in T and Th cell percentages, serum interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, production of IgM, IgG, and IgA, and depressed IFN-γ secretion, which can improve humoral immunity. | IL-1α, IL-10, TNF-α, IgM, IgG, IgA, and IFN-γ[8] |
| Polyphenol-rich extract | Antidiabetic | Administration of diabetic rats with polyphenolic-rich extract of A. heterophyllus stem bark ameliorated the increased level of IL-6, TNF-a, and NF-κB. | IL-6, TNFα, and NF-κB[10] |
| Jacalin | Immunomodulatory | Jacalin was found to induce the production of IFN-γ in hPBMCs. | IFN-γ[11] |
| Moracin C | Anti-inflammatory | Moracin C, a phenolic compound effectively reduced LPS stimulated up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and serval pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 ), (IL-6) and (TNF-α). | iNOS, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α[12] |
| Moracin C | Anti-inflammatory | Moracin C was also associated with the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (including p38, ERK and JNK) and nuclear factor- B (NF-κB) pathways, especially reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit. | MAPKs, p38, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB[12] |
| Major Class | Metabolites (Content of bioactives: mg/100g Fresh Weight) |
| Cycloartanol | Cycloartinone: [9] |
| Flavanoid | Dihydromorin: [9] |
| Flavonoid | Artocarpanone: , Artocarpesin: , Artocarpetin: , Artocarpin: , Cyloartocarpin: , Cynomacurin: , Isoartocarpin: , Norartocarpetin: , Oxydihydroartocarpesin: [9] |
| Flavonol | Morin: [9] |
| Lectin | Jacalin: [1] [4] |
| Phenol | Heterophylol: [9] |
| Stilbene | Moracin C: , Oxyresveratrol: [7] |
| Triterpenoid | Betulinic acid: [9] |
| Effect | Observation | DOI |
| Disease | Formulation | Reference | Author | TKDL |
| Information from Wealth of India | Reference |
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CSIR(1948).The Wealth of India, Raw materials,Vol.-I ,P.125-126, New Delhi, India |
| 4.1, 04.1.1, 04.1.1.1, 04.1.1.3, 04.1.2.2, 4.2, 04.2.1, 04.2.1.1, 04.2.1.3, 04.2.2, 04.2.2.2, 04.2.2.3, 04.2.2.5, 04.2.2.8 |
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| CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India |