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Ziziphus jujuba

Summary

Jujube fruit is also known as the red or Chinese date, native to Southern Asia and found in almost all the regions of India. It is a small round shaped fruit with a seed in the centre, green in colour and tends to turn yellow to orange when ripe, tastes sweet and sour depending upon the varieties and region. The fruit is low in calories and rich in fibre, vitamins and other bioactive chemicals. According to reports the fruits were used as traditional Chinese medicine for two thousand years. The fruit is eaten raw when ripe, dried, made pickles and so on. According to various reports, bioactive compounds like, Alkaloids, saponins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids and Phenolic compounds are found to be present in the fruit. And due to the activities of these compounds, consumption of the fruit in a dose dependent manner may be beneficial to our health.

Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam, Pickles Dried fruits etc
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
Family: Rhamnaceae Juss.
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Genus: Ziziphus Mill.
Fruiting Season: October to December
Fruting Condition: Ripe
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Gujarat Region
  • North-Western Mountain Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region

 Andhra Pradesh : Badari, Ganga regi
Gujarat : Baher, Ber
Jammu and Kashmir : Baryan, Singli, Unnab
Kerala : Badaram
Tamil Nadu : Arulatotikacceti, Arulatotiyam
Compound/Chemical Immunomodulatory Activity Pathway Immunomodulatory Marker
Fruit extractsAntioxidant activityJujube extracts at various concentrations (0.25-1.0 mg/ml) inhibited DPPH radical, and its DPPH radical scavenging effect was in a dose dependent manner.[6]
Fruit extractsAntioxidant activityJujuba extracts (0-3.0 mg/ml) protected tBHP-induced oxidation insult on PC12 cells via activation of ARE-mediated transcriptional activity.Protection of tBHP[6]
Fruit extractsAntioxidant activityJujuba polysaccharides (0-3.0 mg/ml) possessed the potential effect to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, and the scavenging rates increased dose-dependently.NO[6]
Fruit seed extracts, jujuboside BCardiovascular activityThe fruits seeds of Z. jujuba (30, 100, or 300 mg/kg) and its active component jujuboside B (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) were reported to exhibit anti-platelet aggregation activity.Inhibition of anti-platelet aggregation[4]
Fruit extractsCardiovascular activityJujuba extracts at 25 and 50 μg/ml suppressed lipid accumulation and GPDH activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.GPDH, PPAR gama, CCAAT, C/EBP alpha and beta[4]
Fruit extractsAnti-inflammatory activityJujuba extract showed anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of nitric oxide expression.Inhibition of NO[7]
Fruit extractsAnti-inflammatory activityJujuba extract regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions under different conditions via NF-kB signaling.NF-kB, COX-2, PGs, Inos[7][8][9]
Fruit extractsImmunomodulatory activityJujuba extract regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions under different conditions via NF-kB signaling.TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, LPS[7][8][9]
Major Class Metabolites
AcyloinsAcetoin(Whole fruit)
Aldehyde derivatives2-Nonenal(Whole fruit), 2-Octenal(Whole fruit), 2-Methylbutyraldehyde(Whole fruit), Hexanal(Whole fruit), Isobutyraldehyde(Whole fruit), Furfuryl alcohol(Whole fruit), Furfural(Whole fruit), Heptanal(Whole fruit), Phenylacetaldehyde(Whole fruit), Butyraldehyde(Whole fruit), 2-Hexenal(Whole fruit)
AlkaloidProtopine(Whole fruit), Asimilobine(Whole fruit), Jubanine B(Whole fruit), N-Nornuciferine(Whole fruit), Zizyphine A(Whole fruit)
Alpha camphoreneCeanothic acid(Whole fruit)
Alpha diketones2,3-Butanedione(Whole fruit), 2,3-Pentanedione(Whole fruit)
Alpha hydroxy ketones1-Hydroxybutan-2-one(Whole fruit)
Alpha-hydro gen aldehydesPentanal(Whole fruit)
Amino acidJujubogenin(Whole fruit)
AnthocyaninssFlavylium(Whole fruit), Myricetin 3-O-glucoside(Whole fruit)
AporphinesIsoboldine(Whole fruit)
Aryl alkyl ketones 2-acetylfuran(Whole fruit)
Benzoyl derivativesBenzaldehyde(Whole fruit)
Bisphosphonate derivativesColubrinic acid(Whole fruit)
Carboxylic acid derivativesBenzoic acid(Whole fruit), Citric acid(Whole fruit), Isobutyric acid(Whole fruit), 3-Phenylpropionic acid(Whole fruit), Propionic acid(Whole fruit), Citric acid(Whole fruit)
Cayanidine derivativesLeucocianidol(Whole fruit)
Cyclopeptide alkaloidFrangufoline(Whole fruit)
CytokininsKinetin(Whole fruit), Trans-zeatin(Whole fruit)
Enals derivativesMethacrolein(Whole fruit)
EnonesEthyl vinyl ketone(Whole fruit), Methyl vinyl ketone(Whole fruit)
Fatty Acids derivativesIsovaleric acid(Whole fruit), Lauric acid(Whole fruit), Decanoic acid(Whole fruit), Octanoic acid(Whole fruit), Stearic acid(Whole fruit), 2-Dodecenoic acid(Whole fruit), Undecanoic acid(Whole fruit), Heptanoic acid(Whole fruit), Docosanoic acid(Whole fruit), Palmitic acid(Whole fruit), Hexanoic acid(Whole fruit), Butyric acid(Whole fruit), Arachidic acid(Whole fruit), Palmitoleic acid(Whole fruit), Oleic acid(Whole fruit), Oleanolic acid(Whole fruit), Valeric acid(Whole fruit), Nonanoic acid(Whole fruit), Linoleic acid(Whole fruit), 2,3-Dimethylmaleic anhydride(Whole fruit), 7-Octenoic acid(Whole fruit)
Fatty alcohol derivatives1-Octen-3-ol(Whole fruit), 1-Hexanol(Whole fruit), Nonan-1-ol(Whole fruit), 1-Octanol(Whole fruit)
Fatty aldehyde derivatives2-Heptenal(Whole fruit), 2,4-Hexadienal(Whole fruit)
FlavanonesEriodictyol(Whole fruit)
FlavoneSwertisin(Whole fruit)
FlavonoidZizyberenalic acid(Whole fruit), Quercetin(Whole fruit), Myricetin 3-rutinoside(Whole fruit), Rhamnetin(Whole fruit)
Furan derivatives5-Methylfurfural(Whole fruit)
GlucosidesRoseoside(Whole fruit)
Glycosides derivatives3-beta-O-(trans-p-Coumaroyl)maslinic acid(Whole fruit)
Isoquinoline AlkaloidNorisoboldine(Whole fruit), Berberine(Whole fruit)
Isovaleraldehyde3-Methylbutanal(Whole fruit)
Ketone derivatives2-Hexanone(Whole fruit), 2-Pentanone(Whole fruit), 2-Octanone(Whole fruit), Methyl isobutyl ketone(Whole fruit), 2-Nonanone(Whole fruit)
Lactone derivativesGamma-octalactone(Whole fruit), Gamma-butyrolactone(Whole fruit), Gamma-nonalactone(Whole fruit)
OleamideFatty amide derivatives(Whole fruit)
OligopeptidesJubanine C(Whole fruit), Amphibine H(Whole fruit), Mucronine A(Whole fruit), Mucronine D(Whole fruit)
Pentacyclic triterpenoidsOleanonic acid(Whole fruit), Ursolic acid(Whole fruit), Betulinic acid(Whole fruit)
Phenolic acidAscorbic acid(Whole fruit)
Phenyl methanol derivativesBenzyl Alcohol(Whole fruit)
PhenylalanineChlorogenic acid(Whole fruit)
PhytosterolsBeta-sitosterol(Whole fruit), Stigmasterol(Whole fruit)
PolyketidesSpinosin(Whole fruit)
Primery alcohols derivatives1-Butanol(Whole fruit), Isoamyl alcohol(Whole fruit)
Purine nucleosidesInosine(Whole fruit)
Pyrazines2,6-Dimethylpyrazine(Whole fruit), 2-Methylpyrazine(Whole fruit)
Pyridin AlkaloidNicotinamide(Whole fruit)
Pyridine carboxylic acids3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde(Whole fruit)
Pyridinecarboxylic acidsNicotinic acid(Whole fruit)
Rutinoside Rutin(Whole fruit)
SaponinProtojujuboside A(Whole fruit)
Sugar derivatives6-Deoxy-L-talose(Whole fruit)
TetrahydrofuransTrans-linalool oxide(Whole fruit)
TriterpenoidsMauritine B(Whole fruit), Alphitolic acid(Whole fruit), Zizogenin(Whole fruit), Jujuboside E(Whole fruit), 3-cis-coumaroylmaslinic acid(Whole fruit), Betulonic acid(Whole fruit), Corosolic acid(Whole fruit), Jujuboside C(Whole fruit), Maslinic acid methyl ester(Whole fruit), Protojujuboside B1(Whole fruit), Protojujuboside B(Whole fruit), Jujuboside B(Whole fruit), Maslinic acid(Whole fruit), JujubosideA(Whole fruit)
VitaminsRiboflavin(Whole fruit), Folic(Whole fruit)
Traditional Practice Diseases Plant Part Additional Knowledge
AyurvedaFever and rheuamntismFruitCardiometabolic factors and systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients[11]
AyurvedaFever and rheuamntismFruiteffect of Ziziphus jujube Fruit Infusion on Lipid Profiles, Glycaemic Index and Antioxidant Status in Type 2 Diabetic Patients[12]
04.1.1, 04.1.1
Incompatible with milk and other dairy products.
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India