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Terminalia chebula

Hilikha, with many other vernacular names is a tropical fruit found in the North-eastern region of India and also in the nearby states of that region. It is a small, oval shaped, green in appearance and tastes bitter sweet. It is eaten raw, dried (brown colour) and made powder from the dried form for adding to health drink or other mixes. “Triphala” juice that is prepared as health drinks is made out of many mixes of fruits and herbs along with this fruit. In many ethnobotanical uses practiced by the different communities in the region, Hilikha is used in various edible forms. Besides, the fruit is rich in many useful bioactive compounds that helps to regulate the immune health system of the body. Chebulic acid is a bioactive compound reportedly found in thus fruit which is seen to scavenge free radicals and inhibit ROS production, promoting antioxidant activity. In addition to this, the fruit has many other immunity modulating activities.

Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam, Pickles Dried fruits etc

Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Terminalia chebula Retz.
Family: Combretaceae  R.Br.
Class: Magnoliopsida 
Order: Myrtales
Genus: Terminalia L.
Fruiting Season: July-September
Fruting Condition: Ripe
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Eastern Himalayan Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • Gujarat Region
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Lower Gangetic Plains Region

Andhra Pradesh : Karaka, Karaka, Karaka, Karaka
Assam : Hilikha, Hilikha
Goa : Hardi, Hardi, Ordo, Ordo
Gujarat : Hardi, Hardi
Karnataka : Arale, Arale
Kerala : Kadukka, Kadukka, Pulicakku, Pulicakku, Putanam, Putanam
Maharashtra : Hirda, Hirda
Manipur : Manahi, Manahi
Odisha : Karedha, Karedha
Tamil Nadu : Kadukkaai, Kadukkaai, Kadukkai, Kadukkai
West Bengal : Haritaki, Haritaki
Compound/Chemical Immunomodulatory Activity Pathway Immunomodulatory Marker
Chebulic acidHepatoprotective activityChebulic acid has cytoprotective effect on t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes.[3]
Major Class Metabolites
Fatty AcidsPicrotoximaesin(Fruit)
FlavonoidQuinic acid(Fruit), Oleic acid(Fruit)
Phenolic AcidPunicalagin(Fruit), Quercetin(Fruit), Ramifloside(Fruit)
PolyolPalmitic acid(Fruit)
PolyphenolPalmitic acid(Fruit)
SteroidChebulic acid(Fruit), Chebulinic acid(Fruit), Isoquercitrin(Fruit)
TanninBeta-sitosterol(Fruit), Chebulagic acid(Fruit), Corilagin(Fruit), Daucosterol(Fruit), Ellagic acid(Fruit), Gallic acid(Fruit), Gallic acid ethyl ester(Fruit)
TerpenoidChebulanin(Fruit), Inositol(Fruit)
Traditional Practice Diseases Plant Part Additional Knowledge
AyurvedaInflammation and enlargement of scrotum, Oedema / InflammationExtractReduces endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus[5]
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India