Syzygium cumini
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Malabar plum, Jamun, and with many other names is a tropical fruit found in many states of India. It is a small oval shaped, purple-black coloured in ripe condition, tastes bitter sweet and leaves a dark purple stain in the mouth after consumption. It is a universally accepted fruit for the uses of medicine. The fruit is consumed raw when ripe and is also used to prepare juices, jellies and many other beverages or recipes. The fruit juice is reported to contain “jamboline”, a biochemical or metabolite which is used to check the pathological conversion of starch into sugar in terms of high glucose production. Besides, the fruit along with its seed is known to comprise many other biochemicals such as anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, alkaloid, jambosine, jambolin and so on. the seed of the fruit is reported to be rich in flavonoids and due to which it accounts to scavenge free radicals and show antioxidant activities. |
| Plant Details | Agro-climatic Zone | Vernacular Names | Pictures |
| Scientific Name: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Family: Myrtaceae Juss. Juss. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Myrtales Genus: Syzygium Gaertn. Fruiting Season: June-July Fruting Condition: Ripe |
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Assam : Jangmi, Jangmi, Kola-Jamu, Kola-Jamu Goa : Jambul, Jambul Karnataka : Nerale, Nerale Kerala : Perinnaral, Perinnaral Maharashtra : Jambool, Jambool Manipur : Jam, Jam Mizoram : Hmuipui, Hmuipui Tamil Nadu : Naval, Naval, Neredu, Neredu |
 Whole plant.  Flower.  Ripe fruits. |
| Compound/Chemical | Immunomodulatory Activity | Pathway | Immunomodulatory Marker |
| Fruit extract | Anti-inflammatory activity | Ethyl-acetate and methanolic extracts of the fruits seeds (both at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw oedema in wistar rats. | TNF-alpha[10] |
| Fruit extract | Cardioprotective activity | The methanolic extract of jamun seeds on cardioprotection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. | [8][9] |
| Fruit extract | Hepatoprotective activity | Effectuality of jamun peel extract as hepatoprotective agent against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced oxidative damage on rat hepatocytes. | CCL4[8][9] |
| Fruit extract | Antiproliferative activity | Seed extract of S. cumini was found to increase the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction and humoral antibody titres in rats in a dose-dependent manner. | DTH[1] |
| alpha-Pinene | alpha-Pinene, a major component of S.cumini shows anti-Leishmania effects by elevating immunomodulatory activity by increasing both phagocytotic and lysosomal activity in cells | [12] | |
| alpha-Pinene | Antioxidant activity | It elevates the production of NO levels. | Inhibition of NO.[12] |
| Methanol seed extract | Antioxidant activity | Methanolic seed extract of the fruit was examined and was observed that it significantly suppresses gelatinase-B expression and activity in high glucose (HG) stimulated cardiomyopathy i.e localization of NF-kB. | NF-kB[10] |
| Methanol seed extract | Anti-inflammatory activity | Methanolic extract also downregulated the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 | TNF-alpha, IL-6[10] |
| Fruit extract | Hepatoprotective activity | Ethanolic extract of seeds were able to reduced the level of total serum cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides. | LDL, HDL, VLDL[8][9] |
| malvidine-diglucosides | Antiproliferative | Inhibit different tumor cell lines in vitro or in vivo,including human promyelocytic/monocytic leukemia cells and HT-29 colon cancer cells. | [3] |
| Major Class | Metabolites |
| Anthocyanin | Cyanidin(Fruit), Delfinidin(Fruit), Petudinin(Fruit) |
| Flavonoid | Quercetin(Seed), Rutin(Seed), 3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxy flavanone(Seed), Myricetin(Seed), Anthocyanins(Fruit), Myricetin deoxyhexoside(Seed) |
| Phenolic Acid | Caffeic acid(Seed), Ellagic acid(Seed), Ellagic acid(Fruit), Ferulic acid(Seed), Gallic acid(Seed), Gallic acid(Fruit) |
| Tannins | Corilagin(Seed), 3,6-HHDP glucose(Seed), 4,6-HHDP glucose(Seed), 1-galloyl glucose(Seed), 3-galloyl glucose(Seed), HHDP-galloyl glucose(Fruit), Trigalloylglucose(Fruit) |
| Terpenes | Alpha-terpineol(Seed), Beta-terpineol(Seed), Beta-terpinene(Seed), Betulinic acid(Seed), Eugenol(Seed), Citronellol(Fruit), Geraniol(Fruit), Hotrienol(Fruit), Nerol(Fruit), Beta-phenylethanol(Fruit), Olenolic Acid(Fruit), Phenylpropanal(Fruit) |
| Traditional Practice | Diseases | Plant Part | Additional Knowledge |
| 4.1, 04.1.1, 04.1.1.1, 04.1.1.2, 04.1.2.1, 04.1.2.11, 04.1.2.2, 04.1.2.4, 04.1.2.5, 04.1.2.7, 04.1.2.9, 04.2.1.3, 04.1.2.5, 04.1.2.7 |
| Incompatible with Milk and Yogurt |
| CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India |