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Phyllanthus emblica

Summary

Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh are the major amla producing states in India and it is generally harvested from January and February. Amla belonging to Phyllanthaceae family contains phenolic acids had it has high concentration of vitamin C which known to be very powerful antioxidant, it protects against LPO by acting as a scavenger of ROS. Ellagic acid a polyphenol has been reported to show antiproliferative activity by reduces cancer cell viability by increasing caspase-3 activity. Chebulinic acid an ellagitannin has been reported to show antiproliferative activity by inhibiting breast cancer metastasis and promotes cell death through down regulation of SOD1 and induction of autophagy.

Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam, Pickles Dried fruits etc
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Phyllanthus emblica L.
Family: Phyllanthaceae Martinov
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Malpighiales
Genus: Phyllanthus L.
Fruiting Season: November-February
Fruting Condition: Ripe
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Eastern Himalayan Region
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Middle Gangetic Plains Region & Upper Gangetic Plains Region

 Andhra Pradesh : Amalakamu, Amalakamu
Assam : Amlokhi, Amlokhi
Karnataka : Kaadu nelli, Kaadu nelli
Kerala : Amalakam, Amalakam
Maharashtra : Avala, Avala
Manipur : Heikru, Heikru
Meghalaya : Dieng Sohmylleng, Dieng Sohmylleng
Tamil Nadu : Nelli, Nelli
Uttar Pradesh : Amla, Amla

Section of Plant with Fruits.


Amla fruits.


Single fruit on plant.
Compound/Chemical Immunomodulatory Activity Pathway Immunomodulatory Marker
PEPW80-1 isolated from pulp tissuesAntiproliferative activityThe immunomodulatory assays in vitro showeed that PEPW80-1 induces lymphocyte and splenocyte proliferation at low concentrations.[6]
Fruit extractAnti-inflammatory activityReduces pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-alpha and IL-1beta) levels and appreciably upregulate Anti-inflammatory activity cytokine (IL-10) concentration.TNF-alpha. IL-1beta, IL-10[1]
Fruit extract powderAntioxidant activityThe extract decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels in a diose dependent manne and it upregulates the inflammatory genes like NF-kB, iNOS and COX-2.NF-kB, iNOS, COX-2[1][7][15]
Gallic acidAnti-inflammatory activityIt inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release, production of ROS and NO, PHA induced lymphocyte proliferation in human PBMCs and induces splenocyte proliferation.[1][2][3]
QuercetinAnti-inflammatory activityIt inhibits the production of TNF-alpha and promotes the proliferation of splenocytes.TNF-apha[1][2]
Ethanolic extractAnticancer activityAble to avert cancer cell growth through apoptosis and cell cycle arrest[5]
Chebulagic acidAntiproliferative activityIt inhibits T-cell proliferation and the killing activity of CD8+ CTL, inhibits VEGFA-induced vascular permeability.[8]
Chebulagic acidAntioxidant activityIt inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway.NF-kB[8]
Luteolin (5-10 ug/ml)Antiproliferative activityIt modulates the immune system by inducing slpenocyte proliferation, enhancing humoral responses, NK cells and T lymphocyte activities.[2]
Apigenin (5-10 ug/ml)Antiproliferative activityIt modulates the immune system by inducing slpenocyte proliferation, enhancing humoral responses, NK cells and T lymphocyte activities.[2]
Ellagic acidAntioxidant activityIt inhibits the fMLP-induced chemotaxis in human PMN cells, PMA, zymosan-induced ROS release and LPS-induced NO release in macrophages.NO[2][13]
Ellagic acidIt reduces phagocytic activity of human PMN cells.[2][13]
GeraniinAntioxidant activityIt inhibits the production of ROS, NO and some pro-inflammatory cytokine release.NO[11]
GeraniinIt inhibits PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation in human PBM cells.[11]
CorilaginAntioxidant activityIt inhibits MPO, MDA, translocation of NF-κB, ROS and NO production.[7]
CorilaginIt inhibits fMLP-induced chemotaxis in human PMN cells.[7]
Vitamin CAntioxidant activityProtects against LPO by acting as a scavenger of ROS and by one-electron reduction of lipid hydroperoxyl radicals via the vitamin E redox cycle.[14]
Ellagic acidAntiproliferative activityReduces cancer cell viability by increasing caspase-3 activity and downregulating Bcl-2, and decreasing telomerase activity.Bcl-2[16]
Chebulinic acidAntiproliferative activityInhibits breast cancer metastasis and promotes cell death through down regulation of SOD1 and induction of autophagy .[17]
Major Class Metabolites
CarotenoidBeta-carotene(Whole fruit)
Fatty acidMalic acid(Whole fruit)
FlavonoidQuercetin(Whole fruit), Catechin (Whole fruit), Astragalin (Whole fruit)
Galloyl estersL-malic acid 2-O-gallate(Whole fruit)
LignanPhyllanthin (Whole fruit), Hypophyllanthin (Whole fruit), Niranthin (Whole fruit)
Phenolic acidGallic acid(Whole fruit), Ellagic acid(Whole fruit), Phyltetralin (Whole fruit)
PhytohormoneGibberellin A-1(-), Gibberellin A-3(-), Gibberellin A-4(-), Gibberellin A-7(-), Gibberellin A-9(-), Zeatin(-), Zeatin nucleotide(-), Zeatin riboside(-)
PhytosterolBeta-sitosterol(Whole fruit)
SugarMucic acid(Whole fruit)
TaninCorilagin (Whole fruit), Chebulagic acid(Whole fruit), Emblicanin A(Whole fruit), Emblicanin B(Whole fruit), Elaeocarpusin(Whole fruit), Putranjivain(Whole fruit)
Traditional Practice Diseases Plant Part Additional Knowledge
AyurvedaOedema / Inflammation FruitReduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress[18]
AyurvedaOedema / Inflammation Fruit extractImprovement in endothelial function and a reduction in biomarkers of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation[19]
4.1, 04.1.1, 04.1.1.1, 04.1.2.10, 04.1.2.12, 04.1.2.2, 04.1.2.3, 04.1.2.5, 04.1.2.7, 04.1.2.8
Incompatible with Milk and Yogurt
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India