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Morus alba

Summary

Mulberry is a tropical fruit belonging to the Moraceae family and can be seen globally distributed in many countries under varied climatic conditions. Morus alba is the dominant of the other species falling under this genus. They are small fruits, turns purple to black during ripening stage, can be eaten raw and fresh, dried or as wine, jam, juice and other beverages. The fruit is reported to be containing abundant number of different flavonoids (Quercetin, glucoside derivatives, cyanidin derivatives etc) and phenolic acids (Chlorogenic acid, Ferulic acid, Coumaric acids, Caffeic acid etc). Moracin O and P are two bioactive compounds that have been extracted from the fruit that are seen to have anti-inflammatory activity potential as it inhibits the NF-kB activity and also show cytoprotective effects against TRAIL-induced cellular damage in HaCaT cells. Besides, it also helps to suppress the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 cytokines.

Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam, Pickles Dried fruits etc
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Morus alba L.
Family: Moraceae Gaudich.
Class: Magnoliopsida 
Order: Rosales 
Genus: Morus L.
Fruiting Season: March- May; October-November
Fruting Condition: Ripe
  • Gujarat Region
  • North-Western Mountain Region
  • Southern plateau and Hills Region & West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region
  • Eastern Himalayan Region
  • The Western Rajasthan Region & The Aravali-Malwa Upland
  • West Coast Plains and Ghat Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region
  • Lower Gangetic Plains Region

 Assam : Nuni
Gujarat : Śētūra
Himachal pradesh : shahatoot
Karnataka : Hippunēraḷe, Resh may gida
Kerala : Pattuboolpuzhuchedi
Manipur : Kabrangchak angouba
Punjab : Shahatoot, Tuta
Tamil Nadu : Kamblichedi
West Bengal : Kiskuri, Misturi-goch

Ripe and unripe fruits together on tree.


Ripe fruits.


Plant leaves and fruits.
Compound/Chemical Immunomodulatory Activity Pathway Immunomodulatory Marker
Moracin O and PAnti-inflammatory activityMoracin O and P extracted from the fruit using CHCL3-MeOH gradient RP-MPLC fractionation system with mass spectrometry and analysis were observed to significantly inhibit NF-kB activity and additionally shows cytoprotective effects against TRAIL-induced cellular damage in HaCaT cells.NF-kB, TRAIL[1]
Morus alba extract (ME)Anti-inflammatory activityThe fruit extract (Morus alba extract, ME) suppresses the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6; it effectively alleviates obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation by inhibiting NF-kB signalling pathway.TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NF-kB[2]
Morus alba extract (ME)Antioxidant activityME reduces the level of No serum.NO inhibition[2]
High hydrostatic pressure extract of Mulberry fruit (HM).Antioxidant activityHigh hydrostatic pressure (HHP) extract of Mulberry fruit (HM) inhibits the release of NO and mRNA expression of NO synthase 2 (NOS2) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.NO inhibition
Reservatrol and Polydatin (0.48 and 0.0020 ug/g)Antioxidant activityReservatrol and Polydatin extracted from mulberry fruits shows Antioxidant activity potential by DPPH, ABTS free-scavenging methods and also provides protection against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells bt increased catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Glutathione (GSH) content.[4][10]
Reservatrol and Polydatin (0.48 and 0.0020 ug/g)Antioxidant activityIt also decreases generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.[4][10]
Quercetin 3-O-glucosideAntiproliferative activityQuercetin 3-O-glucoside suppresses epidermal growth factor–induced migration by inhibiting EGFR signaling in pancreatic cancer cells[8][11][15]
Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside),Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-a-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside), Cyanidin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, Cyanidin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Petunidin 3-O-β-glucopyranosideAnti-inflammatory activityAnthocyanins from mulberry fruits can inhibit the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and scavenge free radicals. Mulberry fruit extract also decreased the protein levels of manganese superoxide dismutase,inducible nitric oxide synthase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1IL-1, TNFα[8][11]
Major Class Metabolites
FlavonoidCyanidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Cyanidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Pelargonidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside)(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-a-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranoside)(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside(Fruit), Cyanidin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside(Fruit), Petunidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside(Fruit), Rutin(Fruit), Quercetin(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-glucoside(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-galactoside(Fruit), Myricetin(Fruit), Kaempferol(Fruit), Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside(Fruit), Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside(Fruit), Catechin(Fruit), Epigallocatechin Gallate(Fruit), Epicatechin(Fruit), Procyanidin B1(Fruit), Procyanidin B2(Fruit), Cyanidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Cyanidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Pelargonidin-3-glucoside(Fruit), Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside)(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-a-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranoside)(Fruit), Cyanidin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside(Fruit), Cyanidin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside(Fruit), Petunidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside(Fruit), Rutin(Fruit), Quercetin(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-glucoside(Fruit), Quercetin 3-O-galactoside(Fruit), Myricetin(Fruit), Kaempferol(Fruit), Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside(Fruit), Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside(Fruit), Catechin(Fruit), Epigallocatechin Gallate(Fruit), Epicatechin(Fruit), Procyanidin B1(Fruit), Procyanidin B2(Fruit)
Phenolic AcidChlorogenic acid(Fruit), Ferulic acid(Fruit), p-Coumaric acid(Fruit), o-Coumaric acid(Fruit), Cinnamic acid(Fruit), Caffeic acid(Fruit), Gallic acid(Fruit), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid(Fruit), Syringic acid(Fruit), Protocatechuic acid(Fruit), Vanillic acid(Fruit), Chlorogenic acid(Fruit), Ferulic acid(Fruit), p-Coumaric acid(Fruit), o-Coumaric acid(Fruit), Cinnamic acid(Fruit), Caffeic acid(Fruit), Gallic acid(Fruit), p-Hydroxybenzoic acid(Fruit), Syringic acid(Fruit), Protocatechuic acid(Fruit), Vanillic acid(Fruit)
Traditional Practice Diseases Plant Part Additional Knowledge
LeafMorus Alba leaf extract affects metabolic profiles, biomarkers inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[17]
04.1.1, 04.1.1.1, 04.1.2.5
Incompatible with dairy products.
CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India