Manilkara zapota
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Chikoo is grown mainly in Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. These fruits are harvested in the months of January and February. India is the largest producer of sapota with 12.8 lakh tonnes in 2017. Phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids are secondary metabolites present in Chikoo. Kaempferol, ferulic acid and lycopene are major bioactive compounds reported in Chikoo. Kaempferol a flavonoid is reported to have anti-inflammatory. It Inhibits NO production by the suppression of the iNOS mRNA. Ferulic acid has been reported to show antiproliferative effects on Caco-2 colon cancer cells by up-regulating genes encoding proteins involved in centrosome assembly and the gene for the S phase checkpoint protein. Lycopene has been reported to have antioxidant activity by decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. |
| Plant Details | Agro-climatic Zone | Vernacular Names | Pictures |
| Scientific Name: Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen. Family: Sapotaceae Juss. Class: Mangoliopsida Order: Ericales Genus: Manilkara Adans. Fruiting Season: January-Februrary Fruting Condition: Ripe |
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Gujarat : Sapota, Sapota Kerala : sappēāṭṭa, sappēāṭṭa Tamil Nadu : Cappōṭṭā, Cappōṭṭā |
 Tree with fruits.  Whole plant.  Seeds of the fruit.  Fruit on tree. |
| Compound/Chemical | Immunomodulatory Activity | Pathway | Immunomodulatory Marker |
| Kaempferol | Anti-inflammatory activity | Inhibition of NO production by the suppression of the iNOS mRNA. | [1][2] |
| Kaempferol | Antiproliferative activity | Downregulation of migration, MMP-2, MMP-9,and uPA expression, ERK, p38, and JNK phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of AP-1, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial signaling pathways in bone cancer cells (U-2 OS, HOB, 143B). | P38[1][2] |
| Ferulic acid | Anti-inflammatory activity | Enhances inhibitory activity on iNOS protein expression in lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ (LPS/IFNγ) activated RAW 264.7 cells. | LPS[4][5] |
| Ferulic acid | Antiproliferative activity | Antiproliferative effects on Caco-2 colon cancer cells by up-regulating genes encoding proteins involved in centrosome assembly and the gene for the S phase checkpoint protein. | NA[4][5] |
| Lycopene | Antioxidant activity | Decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) Down-regulated gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) | TNFα[6] |
| Lycopene | Antiproliferative activity | Induced cell cycle arrest and modified the potential of mitochondrial membrane, DNA fragmentation | [6] |
| Major Class | Metabolites |
| Carotenoid | lycopene(Pulp) |
| Flavonoid | Kaempferol(Pulp) |
| Phenolic acid | Ferulic acid(Pulp) |
| Traditional Practice | Diseases | Plant Part | Additional Knowledge |
| Fruit | Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Manilkara zapota y in Healthy Elderly Persons[7] |
| CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India |