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Malus domestica

Summary

Apple is grown predominantly in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and the hills of Uttar Pradesh. They are typically harvested between September and October. India is the fifth largest apple grower, with about 2.5 million tonnes produced in 2020. Apple, a member of the Rosaceae family, is rich in secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Apple contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including quercetin, phloretin, and chlorogenic acid. These bioactive substances have been reported to have significant immunomodulatory action. Quercetin, a flavonoid, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) production in macrophages. Phloretin has been reported to have antiproliferative effect in human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells by inhibiting type 2 glucose transporter (GLUT2), while chlorogenic acid, a phenolic acid, has been reported to have antiproliferative activity in cancer cells by lowering cell proliferation. Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam etc

Plant Details and Distribution

Plant Details	Agro-climatic Zone	Vernacular Names	Pictures
Scientific Name: Malus domestica Borkh. Family: Rosaceae Juss. Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Genus: Malus Mill. Fruiting Season: September-October Fruting Condition: Ripe	Eastern Himalayan Region Gujarat Region North-Western Mountain Region Southern plateau and Hills Region & West Coast Plains and Ghat Region West Coast Plains and Ghat Region The Western Rajasthan Region & The Aravali-Malwa Upland West Coast Plains and Ghat Region & East Coast Plains and Hills Region Lower Gangetic Plains Region	Assam : Seb, Seb Gujarat : Sapharajana, Sapharajana Himachal Pradesh : Seb, Seb Karnataka : Sebu, Sebu Kerala : Āppiḷ, Āppiḷ Maharashtra : Seb, Seb Punjab : Sēba, Sēba Tamil Nadu : Āppiḷ, Āppiḷ West Bengal : Āpēla, Āpēla	Apple tree with Ripe fruits. Whole fruit.

Immunomodulatory Activity

Compound/Chemical	Immunomodulatory Activity	Pathway	Immunomodulatory Marker
Chlorogenic acid	Antiproliferative activity	Decreases cell proliferation and regulates the expression of the apoptosis-related genes BCL2 BAX, and CASP3 in A549 human lung cancer cells.	Caspase-3^[4][7]
Quercetin	Anti-inflammatory activity	Inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in macrophages Inhibits LPS-induced mRNA levels of TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1α in glial cells. Inhibition of proteasome (nitric oxide) C-reactive protein γ-glutamyltransferase) activity.	TNF-α , IL-1^[6]
Phloretin	Antiproliferative activity	Inhibition of type 2 glucose transporter (GLUT2) in human hepatoma (Hep G2) and human colorectal cancer cells. Arrested the cell cycle in G2/M phase,decreased the expression of p-JNK and p-p38 MAP kinase in Gastric cancer (AGS) cells	p-JNK^[9][5]

Metabolites

Major Class	Metabolites
Flavonoid	Quercetin(Whole fruit), Phloretin(Whole fruit)
Phenolic acid	Chlorogenic acid(Whole fruit)

Epidemiological Data

Traditional Practice	Diseases	Plant Part	Additional Knowledge
Unani	Hectic and mealnic fever	Fruit	Malus domestica reduces chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting^[8]
Unani	Hectic and mealnic fever	Fruit	Apple Alters Circulating Immune Cell Gene Expression and Faecal Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults^[9]

FSSAI Category

Forbidden Combination

References

References 1 . DOI: 10.3390/plants9111408 2 . DOI: 10.3390/nu8030167 3 . DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020278 4 . DOI: 10.1021/jf034475w 5 . DOI: 10.3390/nu11051173 6 . DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3171-1 7 . DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-3-5 8 . DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_833_20 9 . DOI: 10.3390/nu13041092

CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India