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Litchi chinensis

Summary

Lychee is a tropical fruit of the Sapindaceae family. It is small, round with red scaly skin, sweet juicy pulp with one large seed. It is also known as Litchi and is very popular in all the states of the country. The fruit contains a good amount of many bioactive compounds such as Phenolic acids, flavonoids, Terpenoids, Anthocyanidins and so on. Epicatechin, Proanthocyanidin B2 and Proanthocyanidin B4 are Anthocyanidins present in the fruit which are known to stimulate the secretion of Thn1 cytokine IFN-gamma and inhibits the secretion of Th2 cytokine IL-4, hence helping to boost the immunity. It has antioxidant activities like, Upregulating the endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, inhibiting the generation of ROS. Similarly, it has other immune-boosting activities like, anti-inflammatory activity, anticancer activity and so on.

Mode of Consumption: Mostly consumed Raw, Used to prepare Juice, Jam etc
Plant Details Agro-climatic Zone Vernacular Names Pictures
Scientific Name: Litchi chinensis Sonn.
Family: Sapindaceae Juss.
Class: Magnoliopsida 
Order: Sapindales
Genus: Litchi Sonn.
Fruiting Season: April-June
Fruting Condition: Ripe


    Whole plant.


    Ripe litchies with plant.


    Whole fruit.


    Ripe fruits
    Compound/Chemical Immunomodulatory Activity Pathway Immunomodulatory Marker
    Epicatechin, proanthocyanidin B2, and proanthocyanidin B4Immunomodulatory activityStimulates the secretion of Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. Inhibits the secretion of Th2 cytokine IL-4.Th-1, Th-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4[1][2][3]
    Epicatechin, proanthocyanidin B2, and proanthocyanidin B5Immunomodulatory activityEnhances the expression of T-bet.T-bet[1][2][3]
    Epicatechin, proanthocyanidin B2, and proanthocyanidin B6Immunomodulatory activityInhibits the expression of GATA-3.GATA-3[1][2][3]
    Epicatechin, proanthocyanidin B2, and proanthocyanidin B7Immunomodulatory activityPromotes the development of cell cycle toward the S phase.[1][2][3]
    Cinnamtannin B2Anti-oxidant activityInhibition of ROS generationROS[6]
    Fruit extractAnti-inflamatory activityEnhances basal PGE2 production.PGE2[5]
    Fruit extractAnti-inflamatory activitySuppress the expression of inflammatory genesMAPK signalling[5]
    Fruit extractAnti-inflamatory activityInhibition of NF-kB activation and mRNA-asRNA interactionsNF-kB[5]
    Major Class Metabolites
    AnthocyaninssCyanidin-3-glucoside (Flesh), Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (Flesh), Malvidin-3-glucoside (Flesh)
    Coumarins derivativesScopoletin (Flesh)
    DihydrochalconesDihydrocharcone-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Flesh)
    Fatty Acids derivativesMethyl dihydrosterculate (Flesh), 2,5-Dihydroxy-hexanoic acid (Flesh), Litchioside C (Flesh)
    FlavonoidEpicatechin(Flesh), Catechin(Flesh), Gallocatechin(Flesh), Epicatechin-3-gallate(Flesh), Epicatechin-(7,8-bc)-4β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-dihydro-2(3H)-pyranone(Flesh)
    FlavonolsKaempferol (Flesh), Quercetin (Flesh), Kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Flesh), Kaempferol-7-O-neohesperidoside (Flesh), Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Flesh), Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside(Flesh), Tamarixetin 3-O-rutinoside (Flesh), Narcissin (Flesh)
    FlavononesNarirutin (Flesh), Naringin (Flesh), (2R)-Pinocembrin-7-neohesperidoside (Flesh), Litchioside D (Flesh), (–)-Pinocembrin-7-O-neohesperidoside (Onychin) (Flesh), Pinocembrin-7-O-glucoside (Flesh), (2S)-Pinocembrin-7-O-(6′′-O-α-L-arabinosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (Flesh), Pinocembrin-7-O-[(6′′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside)-β-D-glucopyranoside](Flesh)
    GlycerophosphatesPhosphatidylglycerol(Flesh)
    LignanesIsolariciresinol(Flesh)
    Phenolic acidProtocatechuic acid (Flesh), Coumaric acid (Flesh), Caffeic acid (Flesh), Methyl -3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (Flesh), Gallic acid (Flesh), 2-(2-Hydroxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl) phenoxy)benzoic acid (Flesh), Butylated hydroxytoluene (Flesh), Gentisic acid (Pulp), Sinapic acid(Pulp), Epicatechin(Pulp)
    PhenylalanineChlorogenic acid (Flesh)
    ProanthocyanidinsProanthocyanidin A1(Flesh), Procyanidin A2(Flesh), Proanthocyanidin A6(Flesh), Litchitannin A1 (Flesh), Litchitannin A2(Flesh), Aesculitannin A (Flesh), Propelargonidin (Flesh), Procyanidin (Flesh), Prodelphinidin (Flesh), Proanthocyanidin B4 (Flesh), Cinnamtannin B1 (Flesh), 2α,3α-epoxy-5,7,3`,4`-tetrahydroxyflavan-(4β-8-catechin) (Flesh), 2α,3α-epoxy-5,7,3`,4`-tetrahydroxyflavan-(4β-8-epicatechin) (Flesh), 2β,3β-epoxy-5,7,3`,4`-tetrahydroxyflavan-(4α-8-epicatechin) (Flesh)
    SesquiterpenesLitchioside A (Flesh), Litchioside B (Flesh), Pumilaside A (Flesh), Funingensin A (Flesh), Pterodontriol-D-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Flesh)
    TriterpenoidsStigmasterol (Flesh)
    Traditional Practice Diseases Plant Part Additional Knowledge
    FruitAlleviates Liver Steatosis and Gut Dysbiosis in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[11]
    04.1.1, 04.1.1.1, 04.1.2.9
    Incompatible with milk and other dairy products.
    CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
    CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India