Citrus medica
|
Citrus medica is an underutilized fruit plant having various bioactive components in all parts of the plant. Several bioactive compounds were present, including iso-limonene, citral, limonene, phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin C, pectin, linalool, decanal, and nonanal. Pectin and heteropolysaccharides also play a major role as dietary fibers. The potential impact of citron and its bioactive components to prevent or reverse destructive deregulated processes responsible for certain diseases has attracted different researcher attention. The fruit has numerous nutraceutical benefits, proven by pharmacological studies such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-microbial, analgesic, a strong antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. |
| Plant Details | Agro-climatic Zone | Vernacular Names | Pictures |
| Scientific Name: Citrus medica L. Family: Rutaceae L. Class: Dicotyledons Order: Sapindales Genus: Citrus L. Fruiting Season: October to November Fruting Condition: Ripe and Unripe |
|
Assam : Bira tenga Gujarat : Bijoru Kerala : Ganapatinarakam Manipur : Heijang Mizoram : Serpui Odisha : Bijapura, jambira, karuna, nimbu, tabha-lembu Tamil Nadu : Kommatti-matulai, koti-y-elumiccai, matulankam, per-elumiccai, pitapuram |
| Compound/Chemical | Immunomodulatory Activity | Pathway | Immunomodulatory Marker |
| Fruit extracts | Anti-inflamatory activity | Ethyl acetate extract (400 mg kg-1) produced significant decrease in paw volume and pain in rats as compared to diclofenac. | NF-Kb[1] |
| Fruit peel extract | Antioxidant activity | Ethyl acetate extract of Citrus medica peel exhibited maximum DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity and it’s a dose dependent manner as compared to standard ascorbic acid | NO inhibits[1] |
| Major Class | Metabolites |
| 7-hydroxycoumarins | Umbelliferone(Whole fruit) |
| Alcohol derivatives | 2-Phenylethanol(Whole fruit) |
| Aldehyde | Octanal(Whole fruit) |
| Aldehyde derivatives | Nonanal(Whole fruit), Tetradecanal(Whole fruit), Hexanal(Whole fruit), Decanal(Whole fruit), Undecanal(Whole fruit), Dodecanal(Whole fruit), Pentanal(Whole fruit), Citral(Whole fruit), Perillaldehyde(Whole fruit), Octanal(Whole fruit) |
| Alkylindoles | Limonene(Whole fruit) |
| Alkylphenol derivatives | Carvacrol(Whole fruit) |
| Benzene derivatives | Ethyl phenylacetate(Whole fruit), Ethylbenzene(Whole fruit) |
| Benzoic acid ester derivatives | Dibutyl phthalate(Whole fruit) |
| Benzopyrone derivatives | Coumarin(Whole fruit) |
| Benzyle alcohol derivatives | Benzyl alcohol(Whole fruit) |
| Benzyol derivatives | Benzaldehyde(Whole fruit) |
| Butenolides derivatives | Ascorbic acid(Whole fruit) |
| Cannabinoids | Beta caryophyllene(Whole fruit) |
| Carboxylic acid derivatives | Oxalic acid(Whole fruit) |
| Carboxylic acid ester derivatives | Hexyl acetate(Whole fruit), Ethyl acetate(Whole fruit) |
| Coumarins | Scopoletin(Whole fruit), Citropten(Whole fruit) |
| Diterpenoid | Phytol(Whole fruit) |
| Fatty acid ester derivatives | Ethyl heptadecanoate(Whole fruit), Ethyl stearate(Whole fruit), Ethyl palmitate(Whole fruit), Ethyl tetradecanoate(Whole fruit), Ethyl decanoate(Whole fruit), Ethyl pentadecanoate(Whole fruit) |
| Fatty acid esters derivatives | Ethyl octanoate(Whole fruit) |
| Fatty alcohol derivatives | 1-Hexanol(Whole fruit), Nonan-1-ol(Whole fruit), 1-octanol(Whole fruit), 1-undecanol(Whole fruit), 2-hexen-1-ol(Whole fruit) |
| Fatty alcohol ester derivatives | Geranyl formate(Whole fruit), Citronellyl acetate(Whole fruit), Citronellyl propionate(Whole fruit), Geranyl propionate(Whole fruit), Neryl propionate(Whole fruit), Geranyl acetate(Whole fruit), Neryl acetate(Whole fruit) |
| Fatty aldehyde derivatives | Pentadecanal(Whole fruit), 2,4-Heptadienal(Whole fruit), Hexadecanal(Whole fruit), Heptadecanal(Whole fruit) |
| Flavone | Tangeretin(Whole fruit) |
| Flavonoid | Nobiletin(Whole fruit) |
| Flavonoid conatining glycosides | Diosmin(Whole fruit) |
| Flavonoid-7-o-glycosides | Hesperidin(Whole fruit) |
| Flavonoids | Nobiletin(Whole fruit) |
| Hydrocarbon derivatives | Gamma-terpinene(Whole fruit) |
| Ketone derivatives | 2-Tridecanone(Whole fruit), 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one(Whole fruit), 2-undecanone(Whole fruit) |
| Limonoid | Obacunone(Whole fruit) |
| Long chain fatty acid derivative | 14-Pentadecenoic acid(Whole fruit) |
| Long chain fatty acid derivatives | Myristic acid(Whole fruit), Pentadecanoic acid(Whole fruit), Palmitic acid(Whole fruit), Ethyl linoleate(Whole fruit) |
| Methyle esters | Methyl acetate(Whole fruit) |
| Monoterpenoid | Citronellic acid(Whole fruit), Myrcene(Whole fruit), Isopulegol(Whole fruit), p-cymene(Whole fruit), Methyl geranate(Whole fruit), Thymol(Whole fruit), Linalyl acetate(Whole fruit), 1-Methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)benzene(Whole fruit), 3-carene(Whole fruit), D-borneol(Whole fruit), Terpinolene(Whole fruit), Alpha-terpinene(Whole fruit), Beta-phellandrene(Whole fruit), Cis-carveol(Whole fruit), Trans-carveol(Whole fruit), Camphor(Whole fruit), Linalool(Whole fruit), Citronellal(Whole fruit), Citronellol(Whole fruit), beta-Pinene(Whole fruit), Alpha-terpineol(Whole fruit), Sabinene(Whole fruit), Sabinene hydrate(Whole fruit), Alpha-bergamotene(Whole fruit), Nerol(Whole fruit), Beta ocimene(Whole fruit), Fenchone(Whole fruit), Alpha phellandrene(Whole fruit), Beta ocimene(Whole fruit), Camphene(Whole fruit), Cis-sabinene hydrate(Whole fruit), Geraniol(Whole fruit), Iso-isopulegol(Whole fruit), Trans-Sabinene hydrate(Whole fruit), Citronellic acid(Whole fruit) |
| Organic acid derivatives | Citric acid(Whole fruit) |
| Oxanes | Eucalyptol(Whole fruit) |
| Phenylpropanes derivatives | 2-(4-methylphenyl)propan-2-ol(Whole fruit) |
| Saponin derivatives | Daucosterol(Whole fruit) |
| Secondary alcohol derivatives | 1-Penten-3-ol(Whole fruit) |
| Sesquiterpen alkene | Cis-beta-farnesene(Whole fruit) |
| Sesquiterpenoid | Beta-bisabolene(Whole fruit), Bicyclogermacrene(Whole fruit), Alpha-bisabolene(Whole fruit), Germacrene B(Whole fruit), Beta-Ionone(Whole fruit), Spathulenol(Whole fruit), Beta-gurjunene(Whole fruit), Beta-elemene(Whole fruit), Farnesol(Whole fruit), Humulene(Whole fruit), Delta-cadinene(Whole fruit), Alpha farnesene(Whole fruit), Levomenol(Whole fruit), Caryophyllene oxide(Whole fruit), Delta elemene(Whole fruit), Beta ionene(Whole fruit), Aromadendrene(Whole fruit), Copaene(Whole fruit), 6-Epi-beta-bisabolol(Whole fruit), Nerolidol(Whole fruit), Trans-alpha-bergamotene(Whole fruit), Beta-bisabolene(Whole fruit) |
| Sesquiterpnoid | Beta-farnesene(Whole fruit), Beta-santalene(Whole fruit), Gamma-muurolene(Whole fruit), Gamma cadinene(Whole fruit) |
| Sterol derivatives | Beta sitosterol(Whole fruit) |
| Terpene derivatives | Alpha-pinene(Whole fruit) |
| Terpenoid | Limonin(Whole fruit), Limonene oxide(Whole fruit) |
| Terpenoids | Limonin(Whole fruit) |
| Terpineol | 4-carvomenthenol(Whole fruit) |
| Testosterone derivatives | Zizanene(Whole fruit) |
| Tetrahydrofurans | Trans-linalool oxide(Whole fruit) |
| Traditional Practice | Diseases | Plant Part | Additional Knowledge |
| Siddha | Diarrhoea | Fruit | Increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine which is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis[3] |
| Ayurveda | Pleurodynia and intercostal neuralgia, Angina pectoris, Pain in urinary bladder | Fruit | Effective treatment for decreasing pain intensity and duration of attacks in migraine headache[4] |
| 04.1.1, 04.1.2.5 |
| Incompatible with Milk, Curd and cheese |
| CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-6, Assam, India
CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-61,Himachal Pradesh, India |